Theme 4: What Is Taxed and WhyLesson 2: Taxes in a Market Economy

Antonio Andreoni and Shyam Upadhyaya 2014 Growth and distribution pattern of the world manufacturing output: A statistical profile, UNIDO working paper 2/2014, download pdf. Sanctions against Russian exports, extremely important in the medium and long term, proved ineffective in the short term because high energy prices continued to fill the state’s coffers. The breakdown of previous food distribution practices has resulted in a dilution of official control over private transactions, job desertions and migrations of people to where food and economic opportunities exist. Rio De Janeiro in Brazil is home to one of the new seven wonders of the world, the statue of Christ the Redeemer. Perhaps, the thinking went, the Fed’s inflation fighters were managing to nail a notoriously difficult “soft landing”: A scenario in which borrowing and spending slow just enough to tame inflation without tipping the world’s biggest economy into a recession. The first one is horizontal FDI, and the second is vertical FDI. The economy is transitioning from a few key industries to more integrated and varying industries. In this explanation, we still examine capitalism vs. This highlights two population groups, women and older men, as potential sources of additional labour supply. Before long, two thirds of the state owned industries were removed from government control and sold off into the private sector. This paper was submitted to 2018 Research Project Program organized and funded by Incheon National University/Asian Economic Community Forum AECF. Favorable views of Chinese investment and China’s growing military power are also tied to a preference for ties with China.

Israel

In the late 1990s and most of the 2000s, north–south relations warmed under the Sunshine Policy of President Kim Dae jung. Schultz and William P. For the most part, the U. Together, these elements coupled with the current economic model make setting Cuba on a sustainable long term growth path an immense challenge. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie’s global centers. On 3 July 2023 we published a methodology on Blue Book 2023 indicative impacts of this change to annual GDP from 1997 to 2020. Why is resource allocation important. Accumulated Jan Nov from 1993 to 2015 Import / Export. It is motivated by the self interest of people. The big banks were public, as were a large number of industrial companies, often rescued from bankruptcy with public money. Government, and no individual can hold private property beyond certain limit. It is also highly recommended to consult COVID 19 Travel Regulations Map provided and updated on the daily basis by IATA. In all these regions, deep economic crises and high levels of foreign debt forced these state dominated economies to initiate market reforms. This provides a more reliable picture of how the economy is performing, and it includes data from each of the expenditure, income and output measures. A mixed economy is a blend of market and command economies. Across the ten largeconsumer categories, their average penetration was 40 percent in 2017, comparedwith just 26 percent in the United States. IG International Limited receives services from other members of the IG Group including IG Markets Limited. Since the onset of the economic crisis, the amount of goods distributed through official rationing stations and government stores has sharply declined, while activity in farmers’ markets has become brisk. Arbitration courts review cases dealing with a wide matter of contractual issues, such as rights of ownership, contract changes, performance of obligations, loans, bank accounts and bankruptcy. 6 Create a Graph using this measurement. These forecast figures still put it well ahead of most other major economies’ growth rates and keep it on track to eventually overtake the US as the world’s largest economy. In scenario 2, the quantitative restrictions on trade are relaxed in 10 steps, and the impact on GDP is shown in figure 3. Top 10 Offshore Companies. Most countries want to hold their reserves in a currency with large and open financial markets, since they want to be sure that they can access their reserves in a moment of need. So, the household registration system, the hukuo system, is basically a household registration system and you are born with it and you get that hukou depending on where you’re born.

How does UNIDO group countries by stage of development? Back to Learning Center

S annual climate summit to push for a fossil fuel non proliferation treaty. The economic recovery from the pandemic in the United States has been historic relative to prior episodes with employment recovering to pre crisis levels much faster than after recent recessions. There’s a reason that the historical nickname of the “Hermit Kingdom” for the old unified Korea is now applied to the closed North Korea officially known as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea DPRK. Major imports include manufactured goods, petroleum and fuel products, and machinery and transportation equipment. Today, all of Canada’s regional economies have strong IT industries. Due to the fact that these three societies face scarcity, which means “The state of being scarce or in short supply”, decisions concerning WHAT, HOW and FOR WHOM to produce must be made. Thankfully, there exists such a system which makes this title easier to attain the free enterprise system. This eliminates one of the drawbacks of a market economy, which favors only the most successful or inventive. This chart displays Economic Growth GDP, annual variation in % for Italy from 2013 to 2022. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at. Oil Sector 2009 / 2010 / 2011 / 2012 / 2013 / 2014 / 2015. 2, 2021: A previous version of this article included incorrect data in the “Industry, Value Added % of GDP in Mexico” chart. Capital in the Twenty First Century, translated by Arthur Goldhammer, Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press. Greater Sydney Population 5. Please wait while we process your payment. The banking system plays a crucial role in the economy by providing the means for all sectors to save and borrow money. Humans want to limit the probability of death while raising their options of choice. In other words, government isn’t competent enough to define and determine who’s competent and moral. SHAPIRO: What would a reformed North Korean economy look like. Direct students to Student Lesson: Taxes in a Market Economy. Countries have different parameters with which they measure their economy and compare it with other nations. This by itself would reduce the military and political power of Russia. TONY BENN: So it was an act of regeneration, of renewal. Children in the United States are raised with more of an individual orientation than children in socialist societies, who learn that the needs of their society are more important than the needs of the individual. Uses a capitalistic system, it stresses the use of markets for https://empireofthesunofficialmerch.com allocating goods and the effective use of resources. Gain unlimited access to more than 250 productivity Templates, CFI’s full course catalog and accredited Certification Programs, hundreds of resources, expert reviews and support, the chance to work with real world finance and research tools, and more. 1 GDP decline over all of 2022, just about the same as the optimistic IMF estimate. 7 North Korea was unable or unwilling to pay off these loans and defaulted, effectively foreclosing its access to international capital markets. Putin, a former KGB officer who has only recently become prime minister, became Russia’s next president.

Study Sets

The transition of the country’s economic system from a command to a market based economy helped fuel a strong average growth. Agriculture contributes a decreasing proportion to the national economy, but there has been an overall increase in cultivated land, irrigation projects, the use of chemical fertilizers, and mechanization. The regime clung to its zero COVID claim, leading to an almost total closure of the border with China and bringing trade to record lows. Which of the following is the most elementary economic problem. The world economy increased again in 2021 with an estimated 5. Hosting the 1988 Summer Olympic Games, commonly known as Seoul 1988, provided the country with the momentum to join the ranks of semi advanced countries. Fashioning the Ministry of International Trade and Industry M. It has some of the world’s largest and most advanced industrial plants. 221 North Korean publication in Korean. As far as policy is concerned, we can continue as we now are doing: keep bailing Russia out, doing just enough to keep it above water, and pretend that some day, somehow, the country will resume and then successfully complete its progress towards the market. In this way, Cuba is updating its foreign investment policy to stimulate foreign investment by authorizing the creation of mixed enterprises corporations with both national and foreign participation, as well as completely foreign capital enterprises corporations with foreign capital and no participation of national investors or individuals, as well as by fostering participation in Special Sustainable Development Zones, which are cutting edge industrial concentration zones based on technology innovation for exportation, linked to the domestic economy. Financial stability risks are rising, but the system should beresilient to the tightening cycle. Thus our customary deficit on the current account has been offset by inflows on the capital account, ie, we have usually borrowed more from foreigners than they have borrowed from us. 221 North Korean publication in Korean. As the first war changed us from a debtor to a creditor nation, so the second World War changed Canada into one of the three or four creditor countries of the world. This system provides the figures by country forANNUAL, MONTHLY AND MAIN PRODUCTS imported and exported. One such joke that became popular in the closing days of the Soviet Union explained the difference between capitalism and socialism this way: “Capitalism is the exploitation of man by man. Santandertrade, South Korean Foreign Trade in figures, 2022. Improving conditions for the working class, or proletariat, is an important aim of socialism, though the view on how this should be done and if class can be eradicated depends on the type of socialism. Japan’s colonies were lost as a result of World War II, but since then the Japanese have extended their economic influence throughout Asia and beyond. Australia and the United States maintain a strong relationship, characterised by cultural similarities and robust bilateral arrangements. After a change in exchange rate policy in the late 1970s discussed below, an inflationary spiral was unleashed. ” A number of South Korean enterprises were mainly active in a specially developed industrial zone in Kaesong Industrial Region and Chinese enterprises were known to be involved in a variety of activities in trade and manufacturing in North Korea. One is the privately owned Canadian Pacific 17,058 miles. It should be noted that while official unemployment rates are low, unofficial estimates are about double the official rate. Labor freedom is mostly high but varies from locality to locality. Both hold miniature locomotives, representing the CanadianPacific Railway, which was being planned at that time. Cubans have taken to the streets in cities across the country over the last week, in a wave of rare public protests to express their frustration with rising prices, falling wages, the United States embargo and the failings of the island’s long standing communist government to address its economic challenges.

English

This is a decline from 22 percent in 2017. Who profits the most in a mixed economy. Therefore, Japan’s Q2 rise of 3. Available online for purchase or by subscription. One Woodrow Wilson Plaza1300 Pennsylvania Ave. I was in favor of shortcuts to Utopia. This mitigates one of the drawbacks of a true market economy, which rewards only the most competitive or inventive. 1 Create a Graph using this measurement. See how North Korea compares to another country using any of the measures in the Index. The son of a Noble Prize winner in literature, Eucken studied economics at the Universities of Bonn, Kiel, and Jenna. He befriended writers and artists. 49/month, cancel anytime. Companies must then find new ways of operating more efficiently if they are to keep making a profit—and stay in business. Bahrain’s Credit Risk and Funding Structure. The early twentieth century was a time of social and political change in the United States.

Start learning with StudySmarter, the only learning app you need

Some of these are the same as those faced by most industrial economies: how to reconcile innovation, the switch from traditional activities which are no longer competitive, to more sophisticated, skill intensive products, with the dislocation of labor it involves, and the income inequality it intensifies. But compared to our major trading partners, Australia has shown great resilience, underwritten by significant government support and ongoing demand for our mining exports. There are also thousands of nonbank credit agencies such as personal credit institutions and savings and loan associations SandLs. It bound eastern and western Canada together. There are two main types of economic growth: short run economic growth and long run economic growth. From a theoretical point of view, a market economy facilitates substantial growth. About one third of the nation’s economy is based on government spending. But a protégé of Eucken, a man by the name of Ludwig Erhard who became known as the “father of the German economic miracle” had begun to gain prominence with the American forces which were still in de facto control of Germany. Enable financial institutions to support private sector growth. Our report “German Business in Japan” provides figures on the business development and economic opportunities of German companies in Japan. Banks and other lenders can be financially exposed if the collateral they are lending against decreases in value due to climate change. Causes of the decline of economic growth in Italy and the responsibility of EURO. Other metals mined in the United States are gold, silver, molybdenum, manganese, tungsten, bauxite, uranium, vanadium, and nickel. The theory of comparative advantage holds that even if one nation can produce all goods more cheaply than can another nation, both nations can still trade under conditions where each benefits. You have to get to know its people their culture, their concerns, and relationships and to develop your own relationships with them as well. To learn more information about market economies, keep scrolling. Modern socialism really began as a reaction to the excesses of uncontrolled industrial capitalism in the 1800s and 1900s. The other is the Canadian National 22,586 miles, which is owned and operated by the federal government. A main reason is its positive incentive structures. Japan’s economy was the world’s second largest behind the US from 1968 until 2010, when it was overtaken by China. ©2019 World Vision/photo by Jon Warren.

Mass production campaigns

But more likely, they’ll take it down on the street and sell electricity at a huge price, right. What are the advantages of a mixed economic system. One significant way the government redistributes income is through entitlement programs and unemployment. While money can be used in traditional economies, but it is often limited to certain transactions and may not be the primary medium of exchange. Before 1913, spending among the advanced economies ranged from less than 2 percent of GDP in Japan to 13 percent in Italy, or a span of 11 percentage points. 1939 in 1991 helped poison his legacy and ruin his party, and all subsequent prime ministers have been elected, in part, on campaigns promising to lower it. Following the June 2021 midterm elections, his National Regeneration Movement party Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional or MORENA and its coalition partners dropped from 67 percent to 55 percent of seats in the lower house the Chamber of Deputies. Nevertheless, average real wages in stateowned and other urban based enterprises grew by 9 per cent in 2016, while those of workers in private enterprises climbed 8 per cent in 2016. Over 500,000 workers were transferred from the public to the private sector between 1992 and 1998. Even among free market states, the government usually takes some action to direct the economy. This caused more bank failures, which perpetuated the cycle. The growth of the Chinese economy was originally driven by. The so called “dollarization” helped ease inflation and stabilize exchange rates, enabling leader Kim Jong Un to establish a stable hold on power after he inherited that role in late 2011. The above mentioned are the six goals that the free enterprise system aims at achieving. Econ Express is a unique online resource that helps teachers and students learn, practice, and assess basic economic concepts in a creative and engaging way. What Can I Bring To Canada. The country comprises 16 states which each have their own constitution and are largely autonomous regarding their internal organisation. Public domain, from material held at the Seattle Public Library. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. These results reflect two important underlying facts: first, North Korea was already experiencing a famine prior to the floods that commenced in July 1995, second, only around 15 percent of the arable land was affected by the floods. Both hold miniature locomotives, representing the CanadianPacific Railway, which was being planned at that time. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Business owners must understand their federal, state, and local business tax obligations, as well as how to file them on time and correctly. Canada tops the G20 with Germany and Australia for its fiscal soundness, with a triple A credit rating. Japan is Wisconsin’s second largest foreign market, and the overall East Asian market whose future is so closely linked to Japan’s, as noted above accounts for about 20 percent of Wisconsin’s foreign sales. The economy is in recession when it has two consecutive quarters i.

Source: GDP first quarterly estimate from the Office for National Statistics

Furthermore, Canada’s much improved terms of trade appears to have sparked international investors’ interest in Canada. In addition, due to its small output, there is very little wastage compared to the other three systems. Watch this conversation with Dr Mike Ryan and Dr Maria Van Kerkhove for more information on immunity. Fear of further failures caused “bank runs,” in which large numbers of depositors rushed to withdraw their money at the same time. He tried to spend his way out of trouble. Agriculture uses over 80 percent of Saudi Arabia’s freshwater. Private companies dominate the highly developed industrial North; unemployment is higher in the less developed, highly subsidized agricultural South. This made it necessary to set aside 1959 as a “buffer year” to restore balance in the economy. One of the most significant is a nation’s gross domestic product, or GDP. Full capacity occurs when an economy’s growth rate is equal to the potential or trend growth rate. Investment is being boosted by government subsidies for clean energy and infrastructure projects. Some noncommunist authoritarian states also have command economies. Australia, New Zealand and Canada have seen household debt increase from already high levels. By signing up, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and the Privacy Policy of StudySmarter. After an unusually high export growth of 29 per cent in 2021, year on year, the growth of China’s exports of high skill and technology intensive manufactured goods slowed to 2 per cent in 2022 Figure 5. In fact, the first chapter of the Essay 7–9 shows that Robbins found it contradictory the position of the contemporary authors who rejected the Smithian distinction of productive and unproductive labour, but who still argued that the subject matter of economics was material welfare: if the labour of opera singers and dancers is regarded as productive, it cannot be productive of something material. But a robust job market also puts upward pressure on wages — and therefore on prices.

Market Socialism

Planning controls, which exist for many good reasons, restrict the type and volume of properties which can be constructed in an area. Example: During World War II, the United States largely took control of the American economy, forcing businesses to build tanks, planes, and ammunition instead of normal consumer goods. “, Problemas del Desarrollo, vol. The financial sector, one of the world’s most developed and competitive, continues to be resilient. Total 2019 exports of services were $6. Opposite the rather rosy picture outlined above, there is also another reality. 123–127 Raw materials were in short supply and so were energy and hard currency. Thus, the development of deliberations at the 36th UN General Assembly held in the fall of 1981 drew great attention. Foreign Trade in Figures. Bureau of the Census 1975, FAO 2009 population; Maddison 2008 GDP; all other data: own calculation based on MFA database.

Help

High end washing machines are also being imported in large numbers to be stripped of their chips, presumably for use in guided missiles and other military kit. 1 percent in 2022, and is forecast by even the cautious IMF to grow in 2023—unlike the UK economy, for example. According to the latest figures from the International Monetary Fund, Germany’s GDP is forecast to drop 0. Glenn Kessler, “What is socialism. As I noted earlier, there are more positive signs in the economy. The strongest commercial links are with Germany and France. Check out our explanation of Command Economy to learn more. The study assesses the economic impact of their presence in France: their contribution amounts to 5 billion euros for the country, i. Member banks must maintain minimum legal reserves and must deposit a percentage of their savings and checking accounts with a Federal Reserve bank. China is an important source of consumer electronics, Japan of passenger cars and car parts, South Korea of shipping industry products, Taiwan of products using semiconductors, and ASEAN countries of electrical equipment. The trade volume retreated slightly in 2015 and 2016 but rebounded to USD 1 trillion in 2017. Part of the Liberty Fund Network. The electronics industry has grown tremendously, especially with the Mexican government’s initiatives designed to promote the nation’s competitiveness in electronics and technology. Economists have taken various approaches to finding the driver of economic inequality. This change resulted from the shift in China’s economy toward a domestic consumption economy, a low return on investment, and declining productivity.

Audiences

“Advance Monthly Sales For Retail And Food Services, November 2021. Banco Central de Cuba BCC 2011, “Tasas de Interés de Referencia para el Sistema Bancario”, Comunicado en Prensa, 20 de diciembre de 2011 Consultado el16 de abril de 2015,. China is North Korea’s largest trading partner. They have also limited its access to turbines and technology for building modern tankers, locomotives, cars, next generation communication networks, and other high tech products, as well as removed Russia from the global discussion over artificial intelligence and quantum computing. At almost $300bn that is far larger than China’s surplus, which was once a target of angry American congressmen. One is the privately owned Canadian Pacific 17,058 miles. Since then, total trade recovered and, in 2022, hit a record high of US$13 trillion for developing economies and US$317 billion for LDCs Figure 1. What’s a command economy. It was more receptive to discussions with EU and Commonwealth countries than it was to the United States, Japan, and South Korea—the latter three countries having been much more at odds diplomatically and strategically with North Korea since the Korean War in the case of Japan, since the colonial period than the others. And it will, most certainly, not deliver efficiency and productivity gains if organizational structures and management practices are outmoded and if workers do not know how to use the new technology to advantage. If an economy enjoys access to many resources, chances are that it may lean towards a command economic structure. Includes sawmills, pulp and paper mills, etc. However, there does exist some degree of government intervention in the form of regulations against monopoly, and in favour of fair trade. The decline in China’s exposure also reflects the reality that the economy is still relatively closed compared with developed economies. 2014, “Building on Strong Foundations”, Address to the Australian Business Economists, Sydney November 25. SecurityPrivacy NoticeTerms of Use. The Rising Tide Tax System: Indexing at Least Partially for Changes in Inequality. Key issues in this regard include: how far the Australian dollar needs to fall to be consistent with full employment, how orderly this adjustment is and how long it may take relative to the effects of the decline in resources sector investment being felt. 0 Create a Graph using this measurement. The ideals of fairness and efficiency. These systems tend to be self sufficient and sustainable, but they may also be susceptible to external shocks and disruptions.

Amicable phase

0%, as can be seen in Tables 4 and 5. A period in the model corresponds to one year in the data. In this way the government collects more taxes and has more money available to spend. Economic growth is measured by the increase in a country’s Gross domestic product GDP. North Korea: BBC Country Profile open in new. It’s capitalism, not communism. Postal Service, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Amtrak formally the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. It is therefore difficult to precisely assess the effects of the sanctions. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Economy in 2013, that 9% represents $1. Company leadership can raise prices to offset this cost, though consumers generally reduce purchases as prices increase. Taxes ֠There are many different types of taxes: sales, excise, revenue, profit, property, etc. How would you like to learn this content. After 50 yearsҠplanned and large scale economic construction, China today is one of the major economic powers with the greatest potential of development in the world, and its people live a comparatively well off life as a whole. The input output notion of inter industry linkages is generalized to the idea that each actor’s purchase is another actor’s sale. In South Korea, FDI refers to a foreigner’s acquisition of 10% or more of the equity share of a domestic business through an investment of not less than KRW 100 million, or a foreign based business’s borrowing of a long term 5 years or longer loan from its parent business in a foreign country and the like. In practice, no one society is purely capitalist or socialist, so it is helpful to think of capitalism and socialism as lying on opposite ends of a continuum. The top tax rate is 53. A February video of Hyesan, a city on the border between North Korea and China, shows North Koreans are still engaged in economic activities in the market, not only in officially sanctioned markets but also in unofficial business transactions. Within the EU, the average in the same year was 8. By attracting relatively scare managerial and entrepreneurial talent, the zaibatsu format economized on human resources. Vienna was a cold and hungry city. There is no strict transition between the stages of development since countries may experience several stages of development at the same time. As the world decarbonizes, oil and gas demand will decline, puttingpressure on exporting nations. As each system has inherent meritssee Table 5, it will be possible to improve the well being of people by combining those merits. France has been very successful in developing dynamic telecommunications, aerospace, and weapons sectors. After nationalization, a state owned company, Petróleos de Venezuela, SA PDVSA, assumed responsibility for production, but PDVSA still depended heavily on foreign oil companies to refine, transport, and market the oil and natural gas and to provide technical assistance.

Join Us

Mixed Economic System. Australia’s immediate neighbors, with the exception of New Zealand, are developing countries. In free enterprise systems around the world, there are:no restrictions on business ownership or business activity. 4 million hectares that is permanently irrigated, medium quality land 0. Assessment Solutions: Taxes in a Market Economy. Annual from 1993 a December 2014 Import / Export. He was called a Mad Monk. If you’re working for a Chinese company in North Korea, you can get 300,000 won per month. Here, representatives of the Ontario Federation of Labour march in support of the Occupy movement in 2011. Job availability is also becoming less plentiful, and this trend will become more exaggerated next year. All academic subjects have a foundation. 3 Ongoing improvement to design and implement theappropriate categories of the Reliable Logistics Processes seal, according tothe needs and requirements of their own core activities. I asked him to explain how the North Korean economy works and where he thinks it could go. A direct challenge to the fable of Ingram. Indeed since 1998 the 15 64 age group has been declining and is expected to fall by an additional 31 million by 2050.

Director

The hypothesis that the aggregate production function was Cobb Douglas could not be rejected. Our mission is to conduct in depth, nonpartisan research to improve policy and governance at local, national, and global levels. Governments spend money on hospitals, schools,defence, roads, transport and more. 457 trillion in 2018, while PPP in that same year stood at approximately $25. Although some of that tradition may still linger, hindering the encouragement of individual initiative and independence, particularly in the more rural, backward parts of modern day Russia, it—along with the fundamentals of Soviet society, its ideology, and its political and economic foundation—was torn asunder by the relatively peaceful collapse in December 1991 of the failed, bankrupt Soviet system. The increasing government involvement also ensures that less competitive individuals are looked after. Corrective measures in the form of social welfare, re distributive taxation and regulatory measures and their associated administrative costs which are required create agency costs for society. This is highlighted by Germany’s slide down the IMD business school’s competitiveness rankings to 22nd out of 64 major countries — from being in the top 10 a decade ago. One of the aims with working towards herd immunity is to keep vulnerable groups who cannot get vaccinated e. In 1972 Bahrain and Saudi Arabia agreed on a sharing agreement that gives 50% of the revenues to Bahrain without charging it production costs. 1 of Title 4 of the Agreement through whichthe Secretariat of Economy issues the General Rules and Criteria on ForeignTrade, dated July 6th, 2007. International Monetary Fund IMF, World Economic Outlook, April 2019. Property rights and rule of law. The country is notable for its efficient use of natural resources, and it excels in transforming its resources into usable products. London: +44 0 20 7576 8181 New York + 1 212 698 9717 Hong Kong + 852 2802 7288. Which goods and services are supplied depends on what products businesses think will bring them the most profit. 6 billion in 1998 but dropped to an estimated level of US$40. Now SOEs are fewer in number but much larger in size, especially those controlled by the central government. North Korea defaulted on these bonds by 1984, although the bonds remain traded internationally on speculation that the country would eventually perform on the obligations. Of the remaining four, Toyota now has majority holding of Daihatsu and Hino, and only Honda has decided to go it alone. According to the Fraser Institute, Canadians worked almost half the year in 2019 to pay their taxes. The filters were: 1 sectors in which North Korea had a “revealed” comparative advantage, defined as the ratio of North Korea’s share of world exports of a particular commodity category to its share of world exports as a whole; 2 sectors in which “revealed” comparative advantage had increased between 1980 92; 3 sectors in which South Korea has declining “revealed” comparative advantage; 4 sectors in which South Korea export shares were forecasted to fall in Noland 1991; and lastly 5 sectors in which the growth of South Korean outward foreign direct investment has exceeded that of the economy. Our per capita income has not increased for three years. The freer the economy, the better.